MachineAccountQuota (MAQ) is a domain level attribute that by default permits unprivileged users to attach up to 10 computers to an Active Directory (AD) domain. My first run-in with MAQ was way back in my days as a network administrator on a new job. I was assigned the task of joining a remote location’s systems […]
This post will be the first blog in a series that focuses around Azure Automation. I’ve recently run into a fair number of clients making use of Azure Automation Runbooks, and in many cases, the runbooks are being misconfigured. As attackers, these misconfigurations can provide us credentials, sensitive data, and some interesting points for escalation. […]
A few months ago, I wrote a blog post on exploiting Active Directory-Integrated DNS (ADIDNS). This post will mainly cover some additional techniques on both the offensive and defensive fronts. I would suggest at least skimming the original post before continuing here. With that out of the way, I’d like to start by adding in […]
In this blog post, we’re going to explore how to escape NodeJS sandboxes by understanding the internals of the interpreter. NodeJS is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome’s V8 JavaScript engine, allowing developers to use the same programming language, and possibly codebase, for the frontend and backend of an application. Initially released in 2009, NodeJS now […]
Let’s assume that you’re on a penetration test, where the Azure infrastructure is in scope (as it should be), and you have access to a domain account that happens to have “Contributor” rights on an Azure subscription. Contributor rights are typically harder to get, but we do see them frequently given out to developers, and […]
Microsoft makes use of a number of different domains/subdomains for each of their Azure services. We’ve previously covered some of these domains in a post about using trusted Azure domains for red team activities, but this time we’re going to focus on finding existing Azure subdomains as part of the recon process. Also building off […]
What is Tokenvator? Tokenvator is a token manipulation utility that is primarily used to alter the privileges of a process. In the original release we primarily focused on elevating process privileges. In this release, in addition to the usual bug fixes and improving existing features, I added several new features: The ability to display additional […]
During different types of assessments (web app, network, cloud), we will run into situations where we obtain domain credentials that can be used to log into Azure subscriptions. Most commonly, we will externally guess credentials for a privileged domain user, but we’ve also seen excessive permissions in web applications that use Azure AD for authentication. […]
In recent years, we have seen Microsoft Azure services gathering a larger market share in the cloud space. While they’re not seeing quite the adoption that AWS has, we are running into more clients that are using Microsoft Azure services for their operations. If everything is configured correctly, this can be totally fine, but it’s […]