Karl Fosaaen
Karl specializes in network and web application penetration testing. Karl holds a BS in Computer Science from the University of Minnesota and has over a decade of consulting experience in the computer security industry. In that time, he has worked with a variety of industries; including financial services, health care, and retail. Karl holds the Security+, CISSP, and GXPN certifications. In his spare time, Karl has volunteered at conferences including DEF CON, THOTCON, and AppSec USA. Karl has previously spoken at BsidesPDX, THOTCON, AppSec California, and DerbyCon.
November 6th, 2018
Running PowerShell on Azure VMs at Scale
Let’s assume that you’re on a penetration test, where the Azure infrastructure is in scope (as it should be), and you have access to a domain account that happens to have “Contributor” rights on an Azure subscription. Contributor rights are typically harder to get, but we do see them frequently given out to developers, and […]
October 2nd, 2018
Anonymously Enumerating Azure Services
Microsoft makes use of a number of different domains/subdomains for each of their Azure services. We’ve previously covered some of these domains in a post about using trusted Azure domains for red team activities, but this time we’re going to focus on finding existing Azure subdomains as part of the recon process. Also building off […]
August 28th, 2018
Get-AzurePasswords: A Tool for Dumping Credentials from Azure Subscriptions
During different types of assessments (web app, network, cloud), we will run into situations where we obtain domain credentials that can be used to log into Azure subscriptions. Most commonly, we will externally guess credentials for a privileged domain user, but we’ve also seen excessive permissions in web applications that use Azure AD for authentication. […]
July 17th, 2018
Anonymously Enumerating Azure File Resources
In recent years, we have seen Microsoft Azure services gathering a larger market share in the cloud space. While they’re not seeing quite the adoption that AWS has, we are running into more clients that are using Microsoft Azure services for their operations. If everything is configured correctly, this can be totally fine, but it’s […]
May 22nd, 2018
Utilizing Azure Services for Red Team Engagements
Everything seems to be moving into the cloud, so why not move your red team infrastructure there too. Well… lots of people have already been doing that (see here), but what about using hosted services from a cloud provider to hide your activities within the safety of the provider’s trusted domains? That’s something that we […]
November 20th, 2017
Speaking to a City of Amazon Echoes
Amazon recently introduced messaging and calling between Echo devices. This allows Echo device owners to communicate to each other via text messages, audio recordings, and voice calls. It’s pretty handy for leaving someone a short note, or for a quick call, but as a hacker, I was more curious about the potential security issues associated […]
July 21st, 2016
Attacking Federated Skype for Business with PowerShell
Federated Skype for Business is a handy way to allow businesses to communicate with each other over a common instant messaging platform. From a security standpoint, the open exchange of information between businesses is a little concerning. NetSPI first started running into instances of federated Skype for Business (at that time Lync) about two years […]
May 3rd, 2016
Using PowerShell to Identify Federated Domains
The Economy of Mechanism – Office365 SAML assertions vulnerability popped up on my radar this week and it’s been getting a lot of attention. The short version is that you could abuse the SAML authentication mechanisms for Office365 to access any federated domain. It’s a really serious and interesting issue that you should totally read […]
January 19th, 2016
NetSPI’s Top Password Masks for 2015
Over the course of the last year, we’ve cracked a lot of NTLM domain password hashes. During many of our internal penetration tests, we grab the password hashes for all of the domain users and attempt to crack them. Throughout the year, we keep track of the hashes that we’ve cracked and try to gain […]
